Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity

 

Differences between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity

 Download Pdf 

S.N.	Characteristics	Innate Immunity	Adaptive Immunity
1.	Synonyms	Nonspecific, natural immunity	Specific, acquired immunity
2.	Definition	The defense mechanisms that are non-antigen specific and immediately come into play on the antigen’s appearance in the body.	The defense mechanism that is not always present but involve antigen-specific immune response.
3.	Order of defense	It is the first line of defense of immune system.	It is the action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate immune defenses.
4.	State at birth	Presence since birth.	Acquired during lifetime.
5.	Presence	Always present in the body itself.	Developed only upon exposure to antigens.
6.	Inducible	No	Yes
7.	Cells involved	Physical epithelial barriers, Phagocytic leukocyte, Dendritic cells, Natural killer (NK) cell, Mast cells etc.	Killer CD8+ T-cells, Helper CD4+ T-cells, B-cells, Antigen presenting cells etc.
8.	Molecules involved	Cytokines, Complements ,Interferon, Acute phase proteins.	Antibodies  Cytokines
9.	Fights against	Fights any foreign invader and thus is non-specific.	Ability to fight a specific infection.
10.	Receptors involved	Uses receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS, flagellin, nucleic acids.	Uses recombined B- and T-cell receptors that recognize specific antigens on pathogens
11.	Effector function	Constitutive effective functions encoded in the germline (inflammation, phagocytosis)	Inducible effector functions (proliferation, activation, maturation, differentiation)
12.	Response time	Occurs rapidly from minutes to hours.	Occurs over days to weeks.
13.	Immunological memory	Does not confer memory	Confer  immunological memory
14.	Directed against	Innate immunity is directed towards types of molecules.	It is directed towards specific epitopes.
15.	Subsequent exposure	The immune response does not alter on repeated exposure.	Immune response improves with each successive exposure.
16.	Types of immune response	Types of adaptive immune responses: Inflammation, Complement mediated killing, Phagocytosis etc.	Two types of adaptive immune responses: humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes, and cell-mediated immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes.
17.	Changeability	May vary between individuals but does not change over course of an individual lifetime	Immunity is generated by recombination of V, D, and J regions and further hypervariation thus may change.
18.	Diversity	Limited	Diverse
19.	Potency	Limited and Lower potency	Higher potency
20.	Inheritance	Inherited from parents	Not inherited from parents
21.	Time span	Once activated against a specific type of antigen, the immunity remains throughout the life.	The span of developed immunity can be lifelong or short.
22.	Complexity	Innate immune response is less complex.	More complex than the innate immune response.
23.	Anatomic and physiological barriers	Skin, Mucous membranes, Temp, pH, chemicals, etc.	Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal associated lymphoid tissue.
24.	Allergy or Hypersensitivity reaction	None	Immediate and Delay hypersensitivity
25.	Complement system activation	Alternative and lectin pathways	Classical pathway
26.	Found in	Found in nearly all forms of life.	Found only in jawed vertebrates.
27.	Factors causing immune evasion	Caused by pathogenic virulence factor. Often involves disabling the conserved pattern recognition used by innate system	Caused by mutation of the recognized antigen.
28.	Functions	a) Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection b) Activation of the complement cascade to identify antigens c) Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph. d) Activation of the adaptive immune system through antigen presentation. e) Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents.	a) Recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during the process of antigen presentation. b) Generation of responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. c) Development of immunological memory, through memory B cells and memory T cells.
29.	Examples	White blood cells fighting bacteria, causing redness and swelling during a cut.	Administration of Chickenpox vaccination such that an individual do not develop chickenpox as adaptive immunity forms immunological memory.