IMPORTANT TIPS LPM

IMPORTANT TIPS:

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ACTS YEAR

ü  Livestock importation act 1898 modified on 1952

ü  The Glanders and Farcy act 1899

ü  The dourine act 1910 modified on 1957

ü  The poisoning act 1919 modified on 1952

ü  Dangerous drugs act 1930

ü  Drugs and cosmetics act 1940

ü  Drugs and cosmetics rules 1945

ü  Prevention cruelty to animals act 1960

ü  Prevention cruelty to animals to drought and pack animals rules 1965

ü  Prevention cruelty to animals (licensing of Farriers rule)1965

ü  Prevention cruelty to captured and wild animals 1972

ü  Wild life ( protection ) act 1972

ü  Project Tiger 1973

ü  Prevention cruelty to animals registration of cattle Premise 1978

ü  Transportation of animals rules 1978

ü  Experimental animals act 1982

ü  Animal welfare board of India 1982

ü  Project Elephant 1992

ü  Livestock importation act 1898 not permitting transport of following diseased

ü  animals -Tickpest, Anthrax, Glanders, Farcy, Scabies

 

Applicable in all states of India except in J & Kstate

ü  Cloning in sheep - 1997, DOLLY.

ü  Phook or doomdev injecting air or any materials in to the female genital organ

Four pillars of livestock management (or) LPM

1) Breeding 2) Weeding 3) Feeding 4) Heeding

 

Scientific name

ü  Turkey - Meleagris gallopavo

ü  J. Quail - Coturnix coturnix japonica

ü  Guirea foul - Numida meleagris

ü  Duck - Anas plathyrhynchos

ü  Goose - Anser anser

 Common Terms and Definitions Horse

ü  Geld (or) gelding - castrated male horse.

ü  Broken horse - A well trained horse

ü  Unbroken horse - Untrained horse

ü  Colt foal - Male young one

ü  Filly foal - Female young one

ü  Double rig - Cryptorchid (both testicles retained in the abdomen)

ü  Foaling - Act of giving birth to young one.

ü  Mule - Mare x jack ass

ü  Jennet/Jenny/hinny/Genet - stallion x she donkey Cattle

ü  Heifer - Young female over one year, which has just attained maturity

ü  Slink calf - An aborted calf

ü  Bobby calf - Male calf about 1 week old

ü  Free martin - Twin calves of different sexes are born

ü  The bull calf - Sexually normal

ü  Female calf - Sterile (always)

 

Sheep

ü  Wedder (or) wether - An adult castrated male sheep

ü  Gimmer - Female sheep which is between 1 and 2 shering

ü  Seggy - an adult male castrated after service

ü  Frog – the central elevated portion behind the foot

ü  Chestnut – the horny growth situated below the hock on both the hind limb

ü  Hogging – clipping the mane

ü  Pouring – pouring small quantity of dip into parts of the fleece along the back, sides and belly

ü  Crutching – removing soiled dung-stained wool of perineal and inguinal regions

ü  Scouring – removal of impurities in raw wool

ü  Mulling - castration by crude method

ü  Ringing – removal of wool from the region around the penis

ü  Eyeing – clipping of wool around the eye to prevent wool blindness

 

 

Species	Number of defined breeds
India
Cattle	43
Buffalo	16
Sheep	43
Goat	34
Equines	07

 

Source: NBAGR

ü  Watering of livestock

ü  Species water intake /day

ü  Cattle and buffalo 27 – 28 lit

ü  Adult camel 70 – 90 lit

ü  Sheep and goat 18 lit

ü  Pigs 25 – 30 lit

ü  Poultry 250 ml

ü  Dog and cats 14 lit

ü  Horse 36 lit

 

Species Water req. for all purposes / day

ü  Cow - 100 – 110 lit

ü  Horse - 72 lit

ü  Pigs - 40 -50 lit

 

Potable water

Standard physical qualities

ü  Organic matter 3ppm

ü  PH range 7-8.5

ü  Turbidity 5 turbidity scale

 

Chemical qualities

ü  Chloride, Sulphate 250 ppm

ü  Fluoride 1 ppm

ü  Ammonia

ü  Lead 0.1 ppm

ü  Arsenic 0.05 ppm

ü  Iron 0.3 ppm

 

Hardness of water

ü  Temporary hardness – bicarbonates of calcium and Magnesium

ü  Permanent hardness - Chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium.

ü  Chlorine demand for normal water – 0.9-1.8 ppm

ü  Brackish taste of water is due to presence of sodium chloride

ü  Sickle shaped horn – Surti

ü  Tallest Indian sheep breed – Nellore

ü  Shortest Indian sheep breed – Mandya

ü  Pelt breed – karakul

ü  Largest goat breed – Jamnapari

ü  Dwarf breed of goat – Barbari

ü  Milk fat percentage highest in Jakffarabadi and lowest in Nili-ravi

ü  Chegu and chanthangi are pashmina goat

ü  Gestation heat is also present in goat

ü  Safe sanitary distance is 150-200 feet away from the sources of contaminations

ü  Glutaraldehyde (2%) aqueous solution used for sterilization of instruments

ü  Trap is a contrivance for preventing sewar gas escaping in to house drainage system

ü  Presence of iron in water encourages the growth of iron bacteria such as crenothrix

and gallionella

ü  Higher concentration of fluoride causes interference with calcification giving rise to dental dystrophy known as mottled teeth

ü  Cooling power can be measured by kata thermometer

ü  Air velocity 100ft/min at 70˚C is found to be comfortable forbroilers

ü  Percentage of CO2 present in the atmosphere can be measured by Haldanes apparatus

ü  Short day breeders – sheep and goat

ü  Long day breeders – horse

ü  Housing -East- west orientation – temperate regions

ü  North – south orientation – tropical regions

 

Identification of horse

ü  Grey – skin is black with admixture of black and white hairs

ü  Bay – varies from dull red to yellowish color, black mane, tail and the limb

ü  Piebald – irregular patches of white and black

ü  Star – a white mark on the forehead either large or small

ü  Stripe – a narrow white marking running down the face, may be thin or broad

ü  Conjoined star and stripe – stripe in continuation of a star

ü  Blaze – a white marking covering almost the whole of the forehead between the eyes and extending down the front of the face beyond the width of nasal bone and usually involving the muzzle

ü  White face – white covers the whole of forehead

ü  Snip – any isolated white mark in between the nostrils

ü  White muzzle – both lips will be white

ü  Whorls – any irregular setting of hairs

ü  Freeze branding - Dry ice – (- 70˚C) , Liquid nitrogen – (-196˚C)

 

Teeth

ü  Canine teeth absent in mare, cattle

ü  Tushes – canine teeth of pig

ü  Wolf teeth – 1st pre molar of upper jaw in horse

ü  Dental star – a mark seen on the table surface of incisors in horse

ü  Infundibulum – dark depression on the table surface of incisors in horse

ü  Carnassials / sectorial teeth – in dogs.

ü  4^th cheek tooth of upper jaw ( 4th pre molar)

ü  5th cheek tooth of lower jaw (1st molar)

ü  Galvaynes groove is a depression on the labial surface of the corner incisors

ü  Bishoping is an attempt to make the old animals to be mistaken for a young one

 

Dental formula Species Temporary (deciduous) and permanent

Species	Temporary		Permanent
	2(Incisors/canine/premolar)		2 (Incisors/canine/premolar /Molar)
Cattle sheep/goat	0/4 , 0/0 , 3/3	20	0/4 , 0/0 , 3/3 , 3/3	32
Horse	3/3 , 0/0 , 3/3	24	3/3 , 1/1 , 3-4/3 , 3/3	40 - 42
Pig	3/3 , 1/1 , 3/3	28	3/3 , 1/1 , 4/4 , 3/3	44

 

Dog	3/3 , 1/1 , 3/3	28	3/3 , 1/1 , 4/4 , 2/3	42
Cat	3/3 , 1/1 , 3/2	26	3/3 , 1/1 , 3/2 , 1/1	30
Camel	1/3 , 1/1, 3/2	22	1/3 , 1/1, 3/2 , 3/3	34

 

ü  Double dished face is characteristic of jersey and Guernsey

ü  Golden yellow color milk is seen in Guernsey

ü  Best milk production of world is Holstein Friesian

ü  Key stone of arch in animal breeding – selection

ü  Mass selection can be powerful for highly heritable traits

Species	Sperm count/ml	volume
Bull	600-1200 million	2-10 ml
Buffalo	600-1000 million	2-5 ml
Ram	800-4000 million	0.6-2 ml
Stallion	50-200 million	30-280 ml
Boar	25-1000 million	150-450 ml

 

ü  Calf starter should be fed at 3 months of age (TDN -70%, CP -22%)

ü  Additional feeding during the pregnancy period – Steaming up’

ü  Cows should be bred after calving within 60-90 days

ü  Ear notching is commonly practiced in pigs

ü  Removal of testicles in fowl – Caponisation

ü  Draught power of bullock – 0.75 HP

ü  Gestation period of goat is 145-155 days

ü  Best known Indian goat milch breed – Jamnapari

ü  Crude Fibre utilization - Goat>sheep>buffaloes>cows

ü  In sheep flushing is practiced 2-3 weeks before mating

ü  Age of ram for breeding purpose – 2 yrs

ü  Sheep tends to survive best in drier climates

ü  At 20 wks of age, 16 hrs of lighting is required

ü  Air movement should not exceed 30 ft (9.2m)/min

ü  For production of 1ml of milk 400-500ml of blood must pass through the udder

ü  Major elements (Ca, P , K , Cl , and Na) cannot be changed by altering the levels of these elements in the ration of a cow

ü  STH, ACTH, TSH and Oxytocin exert their effect in maintaining the normal lactation curve

ü  Galactophore - a milk duct

ü  Galactosidase - enzyme which catalyses the splitting of lactose into glucose + Galactose

ü  Galactopoiesis – maintenance of lactation

ü  Lactogenesis – initiation of milk secretion

ü  Concentrate feeding – 0.35 kg per lit of milk

ü  Colostrums also known as Beesting

ü  Best time for castration is 8-10 weeks for cattle

ü  Deworming – with piperazine adipate with in 3^rd to 7^th day, repeat it once in a  month upto 6th month of age

ü  Calf mortality - below 8%

ü  Adult mortality – below 3%

ü  Chemical used for shearing in sheep – Cyclophospamide

ü  Limiting amino acid of sheep – Methionine

ü  Dry matter requirement of sheep - 2.5 – 3 kg /head / day

ü  The only milk producing sheep breed (goat like sheep) –

 

Sonadi

ü  Fineness of wool – expressed in terms of spinning counts (s)

ü  Ratio of secondary to primary follicle in Fine wool breeds - 20 : 1

 

Carpet wool breeds– 1:1 to 3:1

ü  Diameter of Wool fiber – 15 – 50

ü  Diameter of Kemp fiber – 100 – 200 Hair - Medulla is present

Type of wool	Diameter	S unit
Fine wool	<25	64s to 80s
Medium wool	25 – 40	50s to 62s
Coarse wool	>40	<50s

ü  The fiber from the Angora goat is known as Mohair

ü  Fleece contain Suint and Grease

ü  Suint – water soluble salts present in the wool, which is excretory products from skin

ü  The waviness of wool is known as crimp, fine wool will have more crimps

ü  Mutton – Pale pinkish

ü  Chevon – dark red with coarse texture

 

Floor space per animal (Sq. ft)
Type of animal	Covered area sq ft	Open area sq ft
Cows	20-30(3.5 m2)	80-100(7 m2)
Buffaloes	25 – 35	80-100
Young stock	15 – 20	50-60
Pregnant cows	100 -120	180-200
Bulls	12 m2	(120 m2)
Ram /Buck	3.4 m2	-
Ewe /Doe	1 m2	-
Boar	9 m2	9 m2

 

POULTRY SCIENCE

ü  BREED: group of individuals within the species having distinct physical and productive characteristics, which are efficiently transmitted to decendents

ü  Variety: subdivision of breed mostly decided by type of comb, colour of plumage

ü  Strain: population of small number of individuals in variety reproducing with well established common characteristics

Breeds

ü  Mediterranean class (Egg type): M L A (Minorca, Leghorn, Ancona)

ü  English class(Meat type): C O S A (Cornish, Orphington, Sussex, Australop)

ü  American class (Dual type): R P N W (Rhode islandred, Plymouthrock, New Hampshire,Wyandotte

ü  Asiatic class – Brhaman, Cochin, Langsharn

 

Duck

ü  Egg layers: Khaki Campbell, Indian runner

ü  Meat ducks: white pekin, Aylsburry, Muscovy, Rouven

ü  Sex ratio : Male: Female 1:15-16 - Replacement pullets

ü  1:10-12 - broiler breeders

 

Family selection is useful in low heritability characteristics

ü  Low heritability characters egg production , fertility and viability

ü  Pedigree selection is used for sex limited traits

ü  Individual selection adopted for traits of high heritability,

ü  highly heritable characters – egg weight, shell quality, sexual maturity, growth rate, confirmation

ü  Selection of birds for Layer Line – 10-14 weeks of age

Meat Type Line – 8 weeks of age

 

EGG

ü  NAFED – National Agricultural Co-Operative Marketing Federation of India

ü  In marketing of eggs, state level government organizations like MAFCO, TAPCO, POMFCO, NECC and NAFED are making considerable efforts for marketing and sale promotion of eggs

ü  NECC – National egg coordination committee – fixes the prices for the eggs

ü  India – 3^rd largest egg producer next to china and USA

ü  Fertile egg – nucleus is called as Germ disc, infertile egg it is called as Germ spot

ü  Oviposition – act of laying, due to the release of Arginine and vasotocin

ü  Brown color of egg shell is due to the pigment Porphyrin

ü  Blue shelled eggs – pigment Oocyanin

ü  The normal depth of air cell is 4 to 8 mm

ü  Shell from outside covered by a layer of cuticle which is Bacteriostatic

ü  Shell membranes – 0.001 – 0.02 mm thick

ü  Shell - 11 % of total egg weight

ü  Albumen - 58 % of total egg weight

ü  Yolk - 31 % of total egg weight

ü  Ovomucin – responsible for firmness of thick albumen

ü  Oviduct

ü  Infundibulum - fertilization of ovum, the yolk stays for about 15 min

ü  Magnum – major qty of thick albumen secreted here , materials stay about 3 hours

ü  Isthmus – 1.25 hrs, egg white,2 shell membranes, some salt and water is added to egg

ü  Uterus – major role in egg formation, hard calcareous shell, shell pigment, some minerals and water along with cuticle deposited, egg spends max time 21 hrs at this place

ü  Vagina – egg just passes without spending time

ü  24 – 26 hrs required for formation of an egg

ü  Haugh unit (HU) – Evaluating albumen quality, the HU of good quality egg – 70

ü  Temperature Egg holding room 18 – 20°c

ü  Physiological Zero – to arrest the development of embryo before setting at 75-80 % humidity

ü  Fumigation – 1x – 40ml of formalin with 20g of Kmno4/2.80m3

ü  Incubator - temp-37.5- 37.8°C ,65-70% humidity

ü  Hatcher – temp- 36.5 – 36.8°C, 75 – 80% humidity

ü  Incubation period – 20-21 days

ü  Brooding management – up to 4 weeks – broilers, 6-8 wks – layers

ü  Brooding space - 50-66 cm2/chick, temperature - 33°C during first week, 2.6°C reduced every week till reaches 21°C

ü  Debeaking - generally done twice in egg type chicken – Day old and Around 9th day or at 3-4 week of age

ü  Toe-clipping – breeding males – 6-9 days of age

ü  Dubbing – removal of comb , around 7-8 weeks of age

ü  Cropping - removal of wattles

ü  The average stocking density of adult birds

o    Free range – 250 birds/ha

o    Semi intensive – 750 birds/ha

o    Intensive system – 10000-25000birds/ha

ü  Foul-patch – the ground immediately surrounding the houses- more danger of infection

ü  Depth of litter – 5cm for chicks,7 -10cm for growers and layers

ü  The relative humidity in the deep litter system should be around 40%

ü  The moisture content of litter should not be less than 18% and should not exceed >24%

ü  The ammonia level produced by litter should not exceed 25ppm

ü 

Layers Broilers     Age (weeks) Space/bird (cm sq) Age (weeks) Space/ bird (cm sq) Deep litter 0-7 650 - 675 0 - 4 450 - 470 8-11 900 - 925 5 - 7 750 – 850 12-19 1800 -2000     Cage system 0-8 200 - 250     9-20 275 - 300     20 & above 337 - 375

 

 Orientation of poultry houses – East-West direction Floor spacrequirement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ü  Restricted feeding- increases the size of initial eggs laid and is an important factor to regulate the size of eggs

ü  Egg-borne transmission (Trans ovarian diseases) - Salmonellosis, Mycoplasmosis, Avianleucosis complex, Ranikhet disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Avian Encephalomyelitis, avian Adeno virus infection, IBH (inclusion body hepatitis), EDS- 76, Fowl typhoid

ü  Mottled yolk – Due to coccidiostat, hot weather, gossypol poisoning

ü  Blood spot – Vitamin A deficiency

ü  Brooder pneumonia – Aspergillus fumigates

ü  Gape worm (Forked worms)– Syngamus trachea

ü  Vaccine - Drinking water administration – For 10 liters of water 1kg of ice and 60g of skimmed milk powder is used

ü  The RH of poultry house should range from 45-75%

ü  Hatch weight of broiler chick 35-40 g

ü  Chicks must remain in continuous lighting up to 8 wks of age